正規表示式 (Regex)

正規表示式（Regex）通常可以用以下方式表達：

正規表示式的常值以 / 夾住，且使用 PCRE 語法。

/foo|bar/
/h(e+)llo/
/\d+/
/あ/

Escaping

Regular expressions support the same escape sequences as String literals.

/\//         # slash
/\\/         # backslash
/\b/         # backspace
/\e/         # escape
/\f/         # form feed
/\n/         # newline
/\r/         # carriage return
/\t/         # tab
/\v/         # vertical tab
/\NNN/       # octal ASCII character
/\xNN/       # hexadecimal ASCII character
/\x{FFFF}/   # hexadecimal unicode character
/\x{10FFFF}/ # hexadecimal unicode character

The delimiter character / must be escaped inside slash-delimited regular expression literals. Note that special characters of the PCRE syntax need to be escaped if they are intended as literal characters.

Interpolation

Interpolation works in regular expression literals just as it does in string literals. Be aware that using this feature will cause an exception to be raised at runtime, if the resulting string results in an invalid regular expression.

模式修飾字

我們還可以使用以下的模式修飾字：

• i 忽略大小寫（PCRE_CASELESS）: Unicode letters in the pattern match both upper and lower case letters in the subject string.
• m 多行比對（PCRE_MULTILINE）: The start of line (^) and end of line ($) metacharacters match immediately following or immediately before internal newlines in the subject string, respectively, as well as at the very start and end.
• x PCRE 擴充模式（PCRE_EXTENDED）: Most white space characters in the pattern are totally ignored except when ignore or inside a character class. Unescaped hash characters # denote the start of a comment ranging to the end of the line.

例如：

/foo/i.match("FOO")         # => #<Regex::MatchData "FOO">
/foo/m.match("bar\nfoo")    # => #<Regex::MatchData "foo">
/foo /x.match("foo")        # => #<Regex::MatchData "foo">
/foo /imx.match("bar\nFOO") # => #<Regex::MatchData "FOO">

Percent regex literals

Besides slash-delimited literals, regular expressions may also be expressed as a percent literal indicated by %r and a pair of delimiters. Valid delimiters are parentheses (), square brackets [], curly braces {}, angles <> and pipes ||. Except for the pipes, all delimiters can be nested; meaning a start delimiter inside the literal escapes the next end delimiter.

These are handy to write regular expressions that include slashes which would have to be escaped in slash-delimited literals.

%r((/)) # => /(\/)/
%r[[/]] # => /[\/]/
%r{{/}} # => /{\/}/
%r<</>> # => /<\/>/
%r|/|   # => /\//