Constants

Constants can be declared at the top level or inside other types. They must start with a capital letter:

PI = 3.14

module Earth
  RADIUS = 6_371_000
end

PI            # => 3.14
Earth::RADIUS # => 6_371_000

Although not enforced by the compiler, constants are usually named with all capital letters and underscores to separate words.

A constant definition can invoke methods and have complex logic:

TEN = begin
  a = 0
  while a < 10
    a += 1
  end
  a
end

TEN # => 10

Pseudo Constants

Crystal provides a few pseudo-constants which provide reflective data about the source code being executed.

__LINE__ is the current line number in the currently executing crystal file. When __LINE__ is declared as the default value to a method parameter, it represents the line number at the location of the method call.

__END_LINE__ is the line number of the end of the calling block. Can only be used as a default value to a method parameter.

__FILE__ references the full path to the currently executing crystal file.

__DIR__ references the full path to the directory where the currently executing crystal file is located.

# Assuming this example code is saved at: /crystal_code/pseudo_constants.cr
#
def pseudo_constants(caller_line = __LINE__, end_of_caller = __END_LINE__)
  puts "Called from line number: #{caller_line}"
  puts "Currently at line number: #{__LINE__}"
  puts "End of caller block is at: #{end_of_caller}"
  puts "File path is: #{__FILE__}"
  puts "Directory file is in: #{__DIR__}"
end

begin
  pseudo_constants
end

# Program prints:
# Called from line number: 13
# Currently at line number: 5
# End of caller block is at: 14
# File path is: /crystal_code/pseudo_constants.cr
# Directory file is in: /crystal_code

Dynamic assignment

Dynamically assigning values to constants using the chained assignment or the multiple assignment is not supported and results in a syntax error.

ONE, TWO, THREE = 1, 2, 3 # Syntax error: Multiple assignment is not allowed for constants